Unveiling the shadows - substance use among para-athletes: a qualitative study with Swiss elite para-athletes

Abstract

This qualitative study investigated non-doping-related substance use among Swiss elite para-athletes, an area with limited existing research. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted at the beginning of 2023 with 15 elite para-athletes (N=15) from diverse sports and language regions, the study explores athletes' perceptions and experiences of substance use, including both legal (alcohol, nicotine, supplements, medications) and illegal non-doping-related substances (illicit drugs). Overall, interviewed para-athletes reported low levels of non-doping-related substance use, but with differences related to on/off-season, sports, or time of the entrance in professional sports. The findings indicate a complex relationship between non-doping-related substance use and para-sports, highlighting both negative impacts on athletic performance and health, and the role of non-doping-related substances in coping with physical pain and stress. Professionalization and doping controls are seen to reduce non-doping-related substance use, promoting healthier lifestyles and heightened awareness of performance and health. The study underscored the need for comprehensive mental and physical health support systems and enhanced educational resources to address substance use within this vulnerable population. The insights gained aim to inform targeted interventions to support the health and well-being of para-athletes, contributing positively to their sporting careers and overall quality of life.