Comparison of local muscle oxygenation and whole-body VO2 during incremental exercise

Abstract

The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in sports science has become increasingly important in the past few years (Perrey et al., 2024). One application is to determine thresholds from different NIRS parameters like oxygenated (O₂Hb) or deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin to distinguish between hard and severe-intensity exercise (Caen et al., 2018). Such applications are frequently validated by comparison to established threshold determination concepts. However, it is not yet known which of the two parameters is more closely related to classical concepts. Therefore, the aim of this project was do analyze which NIRS parameter (oxygenated [O₂Hb] or deoxygenated [HHb] hemoglobin) better reflects systemic behavior determined from ventilation (VE).

Thirteen physically active participants (4 females, 9 males; mean age: 26.3 ± 4.4 years, height: 176.0 ± 10.3 cm, weight: 71.9 ± 9.3 kg) were included in the study. VE and NIRS data from a major locomotor muscle (vastus lateralis) during a step-incremental single leg cycle ergometer test were recorded. We used a custom MATLAB script to fit piecewise linear continuous functions by regression to estimate NIRS and VE thresholds. We used two distinct segments for NIRS data and three distinct segments for VE data. NIRS thresholds were defined as the point of intersection of the two segments in O₂Hb and HHb signals, respectively. The ventilatory threshold was defined as the second increase in VE. We used a resampling strategy to reduce the impact of outliers or peculiar data distributions on threshold estimates.

Thresholds from O₂Hb and HHb in the active leg and VE were observed at 78.24%, 76.37%, and 84.15% of the maximum power achieved. Both O₂Hb (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) and HHb (r = 0.75, p = 0.0051) thresholds were significantly correlated, but mean values were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the respiratory compensation point (RCP) mean value. Correlations between O₂Hb and HHb values from the passive leg and the RCP values were in the same range (r = 0.88, p < 0.001 and r = 0.79, p = 0.0023, respectively). The results indicate that, based on the correlations, O₂Hb is slightly closer related to the second ventilatory threshold compared to HHb.

The present study shows that thresholds from both NIRS parameters are closely related to the second ventilatory threshold which indicates a physiological relationship. However, thresholds cannot be used interchangeably as NIRS parameters derived from the working muscle appear earlier than systemic thresholds that demonstrate a delay in kinetics between the working muscle and the system.

References

Caen, K., Vermeire, K., Bourgois, J. G., & Boone, J. (2018). Exercise thresholds on trial: Are they really equivalent? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(6), 1277-1284. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001547

Perrey, S., Quaresima, V., & Ferrari, M. (2024). Muscle oximetry in sports science: An updated systematic review. Sports Medicine, 54, 975-996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01987-x