Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) is an international peer-reviewed platinum open-access journal publishing articles of high standard on all aspects of current sport and exercise science.
“PE is basically about being active” – Students’ perspectives on media education in physical education
Digital media is playing an increasingly important role in the sport culture of children and adolescents. In line with educational policy guidelines, physical education (PE) teachers are expected to address media-educational tasks as part of their teaching. To gain deeper insight into how this is implemented in everyday school practice, this study explores students’ perspectives on the integration of such tasks in PE. Based on qualitative interviews with upper secondary school students in Germany, the findings show that digital media in PE is primarily used to support students’ initial understanding of movements, to enable the analysis of their own performance, and to organise lessons. The critical-reflective dimension of learning about media, however, is rarely addressed. Consistent with previous studies involving teachers, the results also reveal a certain scepticism among students regarding the use of digital technologies in PE. This scepticism appears to stem from the perception that the use of technology and related reflection processes conflict with PE’s primary focus on physical activity. As a result, students tend to view digital media as a potential threat to movement time. Additionally, they express concerns about data privacy and bodily exposure. These findings provide valuable reference points for the targeted further development of media-educational tasks in physical education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Konstantin Rehlinghaus, André Poweleit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How to quantify youth cycling performance? Development of a method based on competition results.
Our understanding of the development of youth cyclists on their way to elite performance can be aided by quantifying cycling performance. However, there is currently no robust measure of youth cycling performance available. Therefore, we aimed to develop a method resulting in a youth seasonal cycling performance score (YSCPS) for all cyclists competing in the same category that accounts for differences in the race levels and race types those cyclists compete in. In co-creation with an expert panel and starting from the Dutch national ranking system, we propose using the best two performance scores over an entire season for several race types (e.g., international races, stage races, time trials) and averaging those scores over the race types in which a cyclist participated. The YSCPS can be used to follow a cyclist’s development longitudinally as well as for stratifying a cohort of youth cyclists based on performance scores. Researchers and practitioners may use our template methodology to quantify youth cycling performance for the competition structure in their country.
Copyright (c) 2025 J.J. Hasselaar, M.T. Elferink-Gemser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effects of minimalist footwear on stability, change of direction, and power production: a randomized crossover trial
Prior research indicates that minimalist footwear (MFW) enhances foot strength. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of MFW on lacrosse athletes’ ability to stabilize, change direction, and produce power. It was hypothesized that that athletes wearing MFW will have an enhanced ability to stabilize, change direction, and produce power. Eighteen male athletes participated in a randomized crossover design, alternating between MFW and regular shoes (RS). The protocol included a warm-up, Biodex Balance Assessment (BA), 5-10-5 pro-agility test (PA), modified T-Test (MTT), vertical jump (VJ), and maximal velocity trap-bar deadlift (DL). A paired-sample T-test was used. No significant differences were found in the PA, MTT, or the DL. Significant differences in the BA included time MFW (43.44 ± 12.34 seconds) vs. time RS (158.28 ± 170.82 seconds) (p = 0.04, ES = 0.28), forward MFW (47.33 ± 23.89) vs. forward RS (62.94 ± 17.18) (p = 0.03, ES = 0.34), forward left MFW (56.94 ± 17.35) vs. forward left RS (45.17 ± 17.52) (p = 0.02, ES = 0.30).VJ peak force showed significant differences between MFW and RS trials for the right foot: trial 1 in MFW (1031.26 ± 145.33 N) and in RS (1009.91 ± 148.99 N) (p = 0.048), trial 2 in MFW (1026.96 ± 146.21 N) and in RS (979.99 ± 152.34 N) (p = 0.035). For the DL, the MFW group produced more force and had a quicker time to peak force from both the right and left leg during both trials compared to the RS group. In conclusion, the differences in peak force during the VJ and the DL, but no differences in the PA and MTT, indicate that the effects of MFW may be more prominent during activities that require power production and not a change of direction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Logan Allen, Dr. Justin Kilian, Dr. Jessi Glauser, Christiaan Grutz, Connor Pells, Julia Allen, Allison Schaefer, Isa Cruz, Dr. Will Peveler https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unveiling the shadows - substance use among para-athletes: a qualitative study with Swiss elite para-athletes
This qualitative study investigated non-doping-related substance use among Swiss elite para-athletes, an area with limited existing research. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted at the beginning of 2023 with 15 elite para-athletes (N=15) from diverse sports and language regions, the study explores athletes' perceptions and experiences of substance use, including both legal (alcohol, nicotine, supplements, medications) and illegal non-doping-related substances (illicit drugs). Overall, interviewed para-athletes reported low levels of non-doping-related substance use, but with differences related to on/off-season, sports, or time of the entrance in professional sports. The findings indicate a complex relationship between non-doping-related substance use and para-sports, highlighting both negative impacts on athletic performance and health, and the role of non-doping-related substances in coping with physical pain and stress. Professionalization and doping controls are seen to reduce non-doping-related substance use, promoting healthier lifestyles and heightened awareness of performance and health. The study underscored the need for comprehensive mental and physical health support systems and enhanced educational resources to address substance use within this vulnerable population. The insights gained aim to inform targeted interventions to support the health and well-being of para-athletes, contributing positively to their sporting careers and overall quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michele Lardi, Nikolai Kiselev, Christian Imboden, Andreas Heiniger, Olivia Stoffel, Malte Chrisian Claussen, Michael P Schaub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CISS reviewer acknowledgement 2023 & 2024
The practice of peer review is to ensure the research published in Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) is of the highest standard. Peer review lies at the heart of scholarly publishing and is utilized by all reputable journals. Our referees and section editors play a crucial role in ensuring the reputation of CISS as a leading forum for original research in the field. Therefore, I would like to formally thank all who have so willingly and voluntarily contributed to the journal in 2023 and 2024. CISS Reviewers 2023 Armstrong, David, Western Health and Social Care Trust, United Kingdom Bindel, Tim, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Bonn, Benjamin, German Sport University Cologne, Germany Braksiek, Michael, University of Vechta, Germany Colombo, Alessandro, Politecnico di Milano University, Italy Fahlén, Josef, Umeå University, Sweden Fahrner, Marcel, University of Tübingen, Germany Gerber, Markus, University of Basel, Switzerland Gray, Shirley, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Grewe, Steffen, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany Ketelhut, Sascha, University of Bern, Switzerland Klinge, Antje, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany Krieger, Claus, University of Hamburg, Germany Meier, Stefan, University of Vienna, Austria Pürgstaller, Esther, University of Potsdam, Germany Roth, Anne-Christin, University of Freiburg, Germany Schlesinger, Torsten, University of Technology Chemnitz, Germany Steinberg, Claudia, German Sport University Cologne, Germany Sudeck, Gorden, University of Tübingen, Germany Terrien, Mickael, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Reviewers 2024 Arnold , Baca, University of Vienna, Austria Bacharach, Dave, St. Cloud State University, United States Of America Baldinger, Melanie, Technical University of Munich, Germany Beinert, Konstantin, DHGS German University of Health and Sports, Germany Ferrauti, Alexander, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany Giese, Martin, Heidelberg University of Education, Germany Giurgiu, Marco, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany Gollhofer, Albert, Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany Haegele, Justin, Old Dominion University, United States of America Haller, Nils, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Hänggi, Johanna, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland Inauen, Jennifer, University of Bern, Switzerland Kayser, Bengt, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Kurz, Eduard, University Medicine Halle (Saale), Germany Martinez, Aaron, University of Salzburg, Austria Pellegrini, Barbara, University of Verona, Italy Raboldt, Michaela, University of Potsdam, Germany Romann, Michael, Federal Office for Sport, Switzerland Sæther, Stig Arve, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Schwendinger, Fabian, University of Basel, Switzerland Seifert, John, Montana State University, United States Of America Snyder, Cory, University of Salzburg, Austria Spancken, Sina, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany Stefansdottir, Runa, University of Iceland, Iceland Stöggl, Thomas, University of Salzburg, Austria
Copyright (c) 2025 Claudio R. Nigg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Sport Participation and Athlete Development: The Exposure to Sport Scale
The purpose of this two-part paper was to conceptualize and validate a new method for measuring youth sport exposure. In part one, different disciplines were used to guide the creation of the Exposure to Sport Scale. Using references from epidemiology and the previously validated Developmental History of Athletes Questionnaire, an original version of the scale was proposed. Sections include measures of practice, play and competition throughout an athlete’s sport development journey. In part two the content and face validity of the Exposure to Sport Scale was investigated. Using a modified Delphi approach, 16 experts in the field completed three rounds of feedback. By the final round all items had achieved consensus for clarity and relevance. The proposed Exposure to Sport Scale has significant implications for those working in early athlete settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexandra Mosher, Antonia Cattle, Jessica Fraser-Thomas, Joseph Baker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of exercise modality and intensity on ventricular arrhythmia burden and perception of effort in patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy with plakophilin-2 variants
Introduction Intense endurance exercise is discouraged for patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), as it can increase the risk for adverse cardiac events as well as accelerate disease progression. While a sedentary lifestyle is also not advisable, there is currently no prospective data on the safety of physical activity for ARVC patients. To describe ARVC patients' average and peak ventricular arrhythmia burden – estimated from the prevalence of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) – measured during and after different exercise modalities and intensities, in context with cardiac and physiological load. Methods Twenty ARVC patients (8 f/12 m, age 48 ± 15 years, BMI 24 ± 3 kg/m2, resting PVC burden 4 ± 4%) with a heterozygous pathogenic/likely pathogenic plakophilin-2 (PKP-2) variant prospectively performed different exercises while monitored via 12-lead ECG. The order of modalities was randomized and participants were instructed to stop when surpassing perceived exertion of 15 (6-20 Borg scale). Resistance exercises included 2-min two-legged squats and single arm biceps curls (20 repetitions each) while endurance exercise included 5-min treadmill walking at comfortable speed and 3-min cycling bouts at a heart rate (HR) of 80, 100 and 120 bpm. Each activity was followed by a 10-min recovery period. Blood lactate concentration [La-] was assessed at the end of each cycling bout, with 4 mmol/L defined as a threshold to describe high-intensity exercise. Results No adverse events (including sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia) nor premature terminations occurred. Average PVC burden during activities (including 5 min recovery) was lower for biceps curls compared with all other activities (p < 0.046), despite having the second highest level of perceived effort (13.8 ± 1.7 units). Biceps curls elicited ~20 mmHg (p < 0.001) lower peak systolic blood pressure and ~40 bpm peak lower HR (p < 0.001) compared with cycling at 120 bpm, despite similar perception of effort (12.9 ± 1.7, p = 0.818). Peak PVC burden during the different activities (highest PVC count in 1 min) ranged between 0–57% among participants and it was lower during the activities (5 ± 8%) than the subsequent 5-min recovery (8 ± 8%, p = 0.006). but no differences were detected between activities. Five patients (25%) presented [La-] that exceeded 4.0 mmol/L when cycling at 120 bpm. Discussion/Conclusion PVC burden, a marker for arrhythmogenicity, was generally higher during recovery than during exercise, with the smallest burden found during the exercise with a small muscle mass, despite high perceived exertion. Thus, such exercises might be better suited for training in ARVC patients. Generalized recommendations for a maximum HR of 120 bpm during exercise likely predispose a high number of ARVC patients to inadvertently perform high-intensity exercise, risking accelerating disease progression. Therefore, individualized exercise prescription should be recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fernando G. Beltrami, Kyle G. P. J. M. Boyle, Guan Fu, Corinna Brunckhorst, Firat Duru, Christina M. Spengler, Ardan M. Saguner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of olive leaf extract on exercise performance and muscle mitochondrial response in young healthy adults
Introduction Sprint interval training (SIT) can elicit similar or even higher skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) despite a lower training volume. We have previously shown that this is at least partially driven by improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics with increased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activation after a single session of SIT but not MICT [1]. Olive leaf extract (OLE) is a natural compound that triggers mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and activates PDH in mouse skeletal muscle [2]. Here we tested the hypothesis that OLE would contribute to exercise performance improvement by increasing muscle mitochondrial response and PDH activation in human participants performing MICT. Methods In a crossover (OLE vs. placebo), double-blind study, eleven healthy males performed a single session of MICT (1h at 50% maximal aerobic power). Knee extensor neuromuscular tests and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 24 hours after (24h Post) MICT. Results Compared to placebo, OLE reduced average heart rate in MICT while the extent and origin of knee extensor fatigability was unchanged. Targeted investigation of selected proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway showed an overall decrease of expression immediately after exercise but did not reveal any differences between placebo and OLE. The Pre to Post change in PDH activity was different with a decrease in placebo versus an increase in OLE. Transcriptomic analyses showed a potentiation of the exercise effect on mitochondrial genes by OLE 24h after exercise. In addition, OLE potentiated several pathways involved in inflammation and immune response immediately after exercise. Discussion/Conclusion Altogether, these results suggest that OLE can modulate skeletal muscle response to exercise and pave the way for future investigations aiming to investigate the chronic effect of combining OLE and exercise training. References Zanou, N., Dridi, H., Reiken, S., Imamura de Lima, T., Donnelly, C., De Marchi, U., et al. (2021). Acute RyR1 Ca²⁺ leak enhances NADH-linked mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Nature Communications, 12(1), 7219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27422-1 Gherardi, C., Rossi, L., Bianchi, M., & Ferri, P. (2024). Mitochondrial calcium uptake declines during aging and is directly activated by oleuropein to boost energy metabolism and skeletal muscle performance. Cell Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.10.021
Copyright (c) 2025 Clément Lanfranchi, Nadège Zanou, Jérôme Feige, Umberto DeMarchi, Aurélie Hermant, Ornella Cominetti, Eugenia Migliavacca, Alba Moreno-Asso, Astrid Hostrman, Sara Mistro, Nicolas Place https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Is intense exercise bad for your mind? Subjective, behavioral and physiological responses to a cognitive effort to failure
Introduction Most previous research has investigated if a cognitive task reduces the time a person can perform a posterior physical exercise (Holgado et al., 2023). However, no previous research has investigated if performing an intense physical exercise reduces the time a person can complete a cognitive task with an adequate level of performance. The aim of this study was to assess the subjective, behavioral and brain activity responses of performing an intense physical exercise on a posterior cognitive task until failure. Methods In a pre-registered, randomized, within-participant design experiment, 29 physically active participants completed a cognitive task until failure after running at 90% maximal aerobic speed until failure or after walking for 10 min (control condition). During the cognitive task, brain activity was recorded with an electroencephalogram and brain complexity was quantified. Multidimensional subjective experience was assessed with the Temporal Experience Tracing method (TET) (Jachs et al., 2022). Sequential Bayesian analysis for the main hypothesis (intense physical exercise reduces cognitive task performance) until it reached strong evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis (BF10 > 6), or the null hypothesis (BF10 < 1/6) were conducted. Results The physical exercise induced a reduction in maximal force generating capacity and increased rate of perceived exertion compared to the control condition, evidencing the presence of fatigue. The total duration to complete the cognitive task in both conditions were 4755.8 s (95% CI 3326.8 - 5107.8) and 4308.2 s (95% CI 3902.9 - 5481.2) for the control and experimental conditions, respectively with no difference across sessions (BF10 = 0.329). Subjective experience analysis identified two distinct clusters of task-related feelings, but the time spent in these experiential states did not differ between conditions. However, cognitive task performance was better in the in the phases of low subjective demands. Brain complexity was lower after the physical fatigue condition, indicating a potential shift in physiological states, although neither behavioral performance nor subjective feelings were affected. Discussion/Conclusion In conclusion, our study did not find evidence that short intense physical exercise negatively affected negatively the duration participants could sustain an adequate (or optimal) cognitive effort. However, it offers valuable insights into the dynamic nature of psychological and subjective states during such tasks. References Holgado, D., Mesquida, C., & Román-Caballero, R. (2023). Assessing the evidential value of mental fatigue and exercise research. Sports Medicine, 53, 2293–2307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01926-w Jachs, B., Garcia, M. C., Canales-Johnson, A., & Bekinschtein, T. A. (2022). Drawing the experience dynamics of meditation. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.04.482237
Copyright (c) 2025 Darías Holgado, Ludovic Leubaz, Paolo Ruggeri, Guillermo Borragan, Antonio Luque-Casado, Tristan Bekinschtein, Daniel Sanabria, Nicolas Place https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reactive agility training to prevent frailty in older adults – a randomized controlled trial.
Introduction Alternative approaches to fall prevention programs for older adults have been called for. Agility training, which blends functional movements, stop-and-go actions, direction changes, strength, balance, and cognitive tasks (Donath et al., 2016), appears potentially more effective than traditional strength and balance training methods (Lichtenstein et al., 2020). However, long-term applications often lack considerations of individual progression and reactive decision-making (Lichtenstein et al., 2023). Addressing the need for quick, unforeseen reactions in fall-risk situations, we explored a novel training tailored to individual progress with complex reactive elements. The aim was to enhance neuromuscular and cognitive performance, as well as psychosocial health outcomes in healthy older adults. Methods Forty-six healthy older adults (28 females, mean age 69.5 ± 6.8 years, BMI 25.9 ± 3.4 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to either a control (CON) or agility training (AT) group. The AT program, conducted over a period of 16 weeks (twice per week), involved tasks that progressed in complexity and placed high demands on cognitive skills, strength, balance by applying reactive light systems. Cognitive assessments included the Eriksen-flanker and Go/No-Go tasks, while neuromuscular assessments involved tandem stance, countermovement jump, grip strength, and leg dynamometry. Gait tests were conducted under both single and dual-task conditions. Psychosocial health was evaluated using surveys such as CES-D, WHO-QoL-Bref, ISI, FES-I, and PSS. Data analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models, examining group×time interactions standardized to baseline standard deviation. Results Compliance was high (85.2 ± 8.3%), and dropouts were low (10.8%). After controlling for age, sex, and BMI, the analysis revealed, on average, at least small effects in favor of the AT group for Go/No-Go task parameters (0.18 < d < 0.47), perceived stress (d = 0.42), psychosocial well-being (d = 0.33), social relationships (d = 0.26), as well as single-task gait speed (d = 0.34). In contrast, effect sizes in favor of the control group were found for reaction time (d = 0.34). Neither strength, explosiveness, and balance parameters, nor physical well-being and fear of falling data showed notable between-group differences (d < 0.2). For effects in favor of the AT group, small negative to moderate positive effects are also compatible with the data. Discussion/Conclusion In this group of very fit and healthy older adults, agility training appears insufficient to markedly improve neuromuscular parameters but may potentially serve to slightly enhance response inhibition and mental health over a 16-week period. The application of the training program in less fit populations should be considered along with potential methods for investigating exercise performance with incorporated cognitive tasks. References Donath, L., van Dieën, J. H., Faude, O., & Wolf, P. (2016). Exercise-based fall prevention in the elderly: What about agility? Sports Medicine, 46, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0389-5 Lichtenstein, E., Erlacher, D., & Gronwald, T. (2020). Agility-based exercise training compared to traditional strength and balance training in older adults: A pilot randomized trial. PeerJ, 8, e8781. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8781 Lichtenstein, E., Erlacher, D., & Gronwald, T. (2023). Agility training to integratively promote neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and cognitive function in healthy older adults: A one-year randomized-controlled trial. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-023-00331-6
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Lichtenstein, Martin Keller, Ralf Roth, Sebastian Ludyga, Oliver Faude https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of single and dual task training on the intracortical inhibition in young and old adults
Introduction It has been demonstrated that single-task (ST) balance training enhances performance in balancing alone, whereas dual-task (DT) balance training improves the ability to perform two tasks concurrently (Kiss et al., 2018). Previous research has also indicated that short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is modulated in a task-specific manner following explosive or balance training (Taube et al., 2020). Based on these findings, the objective of this study was to investigate task-specific modulations of intracortical inhibition following ST or DT training in both young and older adults. Methods Participants were randomly separated into 2 different training groups (ST or DT) among their age (young or old). Young groups had 6 and old groups 9 balance training sessions within 3 weeks, the DT training consisted of cognitive and motor secondary tasks. Pre and post training, a balance task was performed on a rocker board in three different conditions: 1) balance only 2) balance + secondary motor (ball on a tray) and 3) balance + secondary cognitive (2-back). During the execution of these three conditions, SICI was measured with TMS by applying single pulse (120 % aMT) and double pulse stimulations (70 % + 120 % aMT) over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior muscle. Results Training improvements in balance performance trended to be condition-specific (p = .057). While the ST training groups only improved in the single balance task (5.2%), the DT training groups reduced the balance sway in all 3 conditions, but mostly in the dual motor condition (19.1%). Furthermore, there was a trend towards a time*age effect (p = .065), indicating improvements only in young participants (12.6% vs -0.1% in old).There was a significant fourfold interaction for SICI (p = .048), mainly indicating A) an upregulation in young (34.1%) and a downregulation in old (-33.9%) after the training and B) increased SICI after DT training in the dual motor condition (50.2%) and after ST training in single balance (21.7%). Discussion/Conclusion This study provides further evidence for task-specific adaptations after balance training, as ST training was beneficial for balancing alone and DT training in the dual motor task. This result is supported by the modulation of SICI. The changes were age-specific, with no improvements for the older groups. More interestingly, intracortical inhibition was upregulated in young and downregulated in old, indicating age-specific adaptations in SICI following a comparable training protocol. Based on the hypothesis that intracortical inhibition decreases during initial motor learning and increases in later stages, we hypothesize that a training duration of 3 weeks is sufficient to induce positive cortical modulation in young adults but not in older adults. References Kiss, R., Brueckner, D., & Muehlbauer, T. (2018). Effects of single compared to dual task practice on learning a dynamic balance task in young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 311. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00311 Taube, W., Gollhofer, A., & Lauber, B. (2020). Training‐, muscle‐ and task‐specific up‐ and downregulation of cortical inhibitory processes. European Journal of Neuroscience, 51(6), 1428–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14538
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Wälchli, Craig Tokuno, Benedikt Lauber, Wolfgang Taube https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A definition and model for sustainability in major sports events
Sustainability has become a key concern of major sports events. Yet, the field lacks both a consistent definition and a conceptual model for sustainable major events. This hampers the emergence of a shared theoretical understanding of sustainability as an epistemic object and the building of a practical framework to guide the sector towards greater sustainability. This paper mobilises a three-wave Delphi study with 55 experts to construct a definition of a sustainable major sports event. Through the three Delphi waves, the paper specifies a concentric ‘discus model’ of sustainability with three spheres: environmental factors as a limiting condition on the outside, economics and governance as the foundation at the centre, and social wellbeing as the key goal in the middle. It identifies 18 dimensions (six in each sphere) to serve as a further operationalisation of the conceptual model into a future framework. The paper maps these 18 dimensions on the UN Sustainable Development Goals and suggests that the discus model can serve as a basis for sports events to formulate a research-based sustainability strategy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shreyya Rajagopal, Léonie Brodmann, Martin Müller, David Gogishvili, Markus Lang, Lucie Schoch, Ioannis Konstantopoulos, Stefano Caneppele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction United Nations call for all nations to act together towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and recalls that this collective transformation requires the development of shared values into citizens that are in line with SDGs. Sport is particularly highlighted in this perspective as it is supposed to intrinsically convey values associated to sustainability that would be internalized by practitioners. To go beyond this ideology, this study aims to review empirical findings establishing the values intrinsically salient in sport, their internalization or not by practitioners and the processes explaining this internalization. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review through Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, and ERIC database using values of sport, sport values, sporting values, and athletic values keywords (n=7992). 32 studies published between 1990 and 2023 were retained. These papers comprised empirical qualitative and quantitative studies on sport values and their development in sport. Inclusion criteria were notably comprised of participants’ physical involvement in sport (e.g., physical education students, athletes, coaches), and rigorous research practices (MMAT, Hong et al., 2018). Data extraction followed a three-steps process resulting in descriptive data (e.g., sport type, participants), an in-depth analysis of sport values (e.g., terminology, type), and processes explaining value development in sport. Results Analyses revealed 79 sport values, with 13 of them representing 50% of total occurrence (i.e., fairness, winning, obedience, health and fitness, contract maintenance, achievement, skills, public image, honesty, sportspersonship, hedonism, caring, leadership). Some of these sport values were found to be in conflict with athletes’ personal values (e.g., winning). The values developed by practitioners during sport differed based on gender, age, and the type of sport. Finally, the processes highlighted to explain these differences and which stakeholders (e.g., coaches, PE teachers) could grasp to support the development of values are (1) sports practice climate (e.g., social climate, competitive environment), (2) the influence of agents of socialization (e.g., peers, coach), and (3) the social norms made salient consciously or not during practice. Discussion/Conclusion Sport values, defined as the values intrinsically attached to the sport environment are diverse. Some can support SDGs (e.g., health and fitness, caring) but sport intrinsic values are not necessarily in line with SDGs (i.e., leadership, obedience, achievement), international organizations principles (IOC, 2024), nor with athletes and sport enthusiasts’ visions. Moreover, sport intrinsic values are not automatically accepted and developed by practitioners. To develop values that serve sustainability, stakeholders like coaches, PE teachers, and sports programs coordinators need to (1) consider sports characteristics and the way they orient the climate of practice, (2) be aware of the role of value socialization agents, and (3) pay attention to the norms and values (they make) salient during sport practice. References Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., ... & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information, 34(4), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221 The International Olympic Committee. (2024). Olympic values – Excellence, respect and friendship. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-values#
Copyright (c) 2025 Tess Kate Schweizer, Nicolas Margas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mega-events and the climate: what’s the game?
Introduction: The Olympics and the Men's Football World Cup are both significant carbon emitters, yet they hold potential for raising awareness and driving action on climate change (Chalip, 2006; Martiskainen & Sovacool, 2021). Due to their visibility and political leverage, these mega-events are expected to lead by example in combatting climate crisis. This study provides a coherent analysis of their carbon emissions, carbon intensity and the development of climate-related policies. Methods: We collected information on the evolution of climate-related policies and actual and projected carbon emissions for these events from 2000 to 2026 (Gogishvili et al., 2024), ameliorating the paucity of systematic research on this topic (Wilby et al., 2023). Data were sourced from official bid documents, supplemented by third-party sources where necessary. Carbon intensity was calculated as total emissions divided by outputs, such as revenue and athletes, to show the amount of carbon emitted per unit of production, providing a standardized measure across different activities and sectors. Results: Over the study period, the carbon emissions were between 2.0 and 4.5 million tonnes of CO₂e for the Olympics and 1.65 to 3.63 million tonnes of CO₂e for the Men's Football World Cup. Although FIFA's range is smaller, its carbon intensity is significantly higher than of the Olympics, both per athlete and per million USD spent. Emissions are primarily driven by venue construction and spectator travel, highlighting the urgent need for systemic reductions. Climate concerns emerged on the agendas of FIFA and the IOC but were only formalised recently, largely under pressure from the 2015 Paris Agreement. Events since then claimed climate neutrality or even positivity. Paris 2024 allegedly met Paris Agreement's reduction demands, while the 2022 World Cup introduced sustainability initiatives that were found misleading. However, discrepancies in emissions reporting and lack of quantified standards remain persistent challenges. Discussion/Conclusion: Despite progress, claims of "climate-positive" events through offsetting remain problematic, lacking transparency and credibility. To address this, we propose emission targets for the Olympic Games and the Men’s Football World Cup through 2048 and benchmark the projected emissions for Paris 2024 and the 2026 World Cup. Achieving these targets requires a fundamental transformation in event delivery model at least. References Chalip, L. (2006). Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080601155126 Gogishvili, D., Ngoenha, W., & Müller, M. (2024). Carbon footprint of the Winter and Summer Olympic Games from 2000 to 2026 [Dataset]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/Y1OCLT Martiskainen, M., & Sovacool, B. K. (2021). Mixed feelings: A review and research agenda for emotions in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 40, 609–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2021.10.023 Wilby, R. L., Orr, M., Depledge, D., Giulianotti, R., Havenith, G., Kenyon, J. A., Matthews, T. K. R., Mears, S. A., Mullan, D. J., & Taylor, L. (2023). The impacts of sport emissions on climate: Measurement, mitigation, and making a difference. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1519(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14925
Copyright (c) 2025 David Gogishvili, Martin Müller https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Closer, The Harder? Investigating the use of peripheral vision in 3vs3 counter-attack VR situations in football
Introduction: Peripheral vision has been reported to be functional in team sports when monitoring the movements of multiple players (Vater et al., 2019). Expert soccer players for example report to use their peripheral vision in 3 vs. 3 football situations (Vater et al., 2019). It seems that they anchor their gaze on the player's possession of the ball to monitor peripheral events (e.g., movements of other players). In this experimental study, we challenged the use of peripheral vision by varying the distance between the direct opponent and the participant in a virtual-reality counterattack situation. Methods: Eighteen experienced football players were shown 3 vs. 3 virtual-reality football counter-attack situations from the perspective of the central defender. Their task was to detect the overrun of a wing striker on the right or left while monitoring a direct opponent who is about to pass to the striker that overruns his defender. In case there was an overrun on one side, a defensive movement to the right or left direction should be initiated as before the pass was played, ensuring that they would monitor the peripheral players and not wait for the pass. In half of the trials, both wing strikers out-ran their defenders, so the correct decision was to move after the direct opponent played the pass. As an independent variable, the distance between the direct opponent and the participant was systematically varied (10, 15 and 20 m; the distance at which the pass occurs). Decision accuracy and fixation characteristics were examined. Head orientation and body movements were captured with a 14-camera Optitrack system to assess if participants moved before or after the pass. Gaze behavior was differentiated between the monitoring (before overrun) and the decision-making phase (after overrun). It was predicted that the closer the distance the more likely that participants would fixate on the direct opponent and use peripheral vision instead of foveal vision. Results: The results showed that fixation distance significantly increased with direct opponent distance, F(1.585, 53.889) = 181.428, p < .001, η²p = 0.842, with significant differences between all distances (p< .001). Gaze behavior differed markedly between monitoring and execution phases F(1, 34) = 49.194, p < .001, η²p = 0.591. Fixation distance decreased from monitoring to the decision-making phase. The percentage of fixations on the direct opponent decreased with increasing distance, F(2, 34) = 11.766, p < .001, η²p = 0.409. While timing accuracy did not vary across distances, F(2, 34) = 2.185, p = .128, η²p = 0.114, decision-making accuracy improved significantly at larger distances, F(2, 34) = 5.332, p = .010, η²p = 0.239. Discussion/Conclusion: Orienting the head and eyes to relevant information sources is crucial in football decision-making. These findings demonstrate that distance manipulation influences visual behavior and decision-making processes in dynamic sports situations. The gaze patterns observed between the monitoring and execution phases suggest phase-specific visual strategies. Furthermore, while larger distances facilitate more accurate decisions, they do not impact timing performance, indicating a dissociation between spatial and temporal aspects of performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Božo Vukojević, Svitlana Pinchuk, Christian Vater https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reproducibility of indirect persistent inward current indicators with neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Introduction Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been validated as an efficient tool to train and evaluate the neuromuscular system. Recently, it has been used to estimate persistent inward currents (PICs) in motoneurons (Donnelly et al., 2021). Notably, PICs play an important role in motor unit behavior (Heckman & Enoka, 2012) and are thought to be involved in the centrally mediated responses to NMES. This study aimed to examine the reproducibility of indirect PIC indicators, such as extra force production during wide-pulse high-frequency (WPHF) NMES, sustained electromyographic (EMG) activity following WPHF NMES and force production in response to Achille’s tendon vibration combined with NMES. Methods Twenty-one healthy participants (8 women, 26±4 years) underwent two 10s-trains of WPHF NMES and two 33s-Achille’s tendon vibration combined with NMES bouts on the plantar flexors in two different sessions. Extra force was calculated as the relative percent increase in force between the last and the 2nd second of the stimulation. EMG activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and soleus (SOL) muscles with high density grids to evaluate sustained activity spatial distribution. The force increase observed during vibration + NMES, calculated as the difference between the reflexive force during vibration and the initial torque after the first NMES burst was measured and referred as the warm-up effect (Mesquita et al., 2021). Intrasession and intersession reproducibility were assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results Intrasession ICCs for extra force production were excellent, reaching 0.79 and 0.77 for sessions 1 and 2, respectively. Sustained EMG activity showed high reliability, with ICCs of 0.84 and 0.81 for GM, and 0.79 and 0.77 for SOL in sessions 1 and 2. The warm-up effect demonstrated excellent reliability in session 1 (ICC = 0.87) but moderate reliability in session 2 (ICC = 0.51). Intersession reliability was high for extra force (ICC = 0.79) and the warm-up effect (ICC = 0.75). However, sustained EMG activity showed moderate reliability between sessions, with ICCs of 0.51 for GM and 0.40 for SOL. Discussion/Conclusion This study demonstrates excellent intrasession reliability for extra force production and sustained EMG activity as indirect PIC indicators but more variable reliability for the warm-up effect within sessions. Intersession reliability was high for extra force and the warm-up effect but moderate for sustained EMG activity. These findings have important implications for using these indicators in research to better understand motor unit behavior and in clinical settings to optimize NMES training. References Donnelly, C., Stegmüller, J., Blazevich, A. J., Crettaz von Roten, F., Kayser, B., Neyroud, D., & Place, N. (2021). Modulation of torque evoked by wide-pulse, high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation and the potential implications for rehabilitation and training. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 6399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85645-0 Heckman, C. J., & Enoka, R. M. (2012). Motor unit. Comprehensive Physiology, 2(4), 2629–2682. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100087 Mesquita, R. N. O., Taylor, J. L., Kirk, B., & Blazevich, A. J. (2021). Involuntary sustained firing of plantar flexor motor neurones: Effect of electrical stimulation parameters during tendon vibration. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(3), 881–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04563-7
Copyright (c) 2025 Timothée Popesco, Davide D'Amato Brunetta, Stefano Pata, Nicolas Place https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing risk in action: Differences between fixated aim points and movement outcomes in throwing
Introduction Movement outcomes are inherently subject to variance. Handling this variance is crucial for successful sensorimotor behaviour – whether in everyday life or in sports –, particularly in high-risk situations. Research using finger-pointing tasks has shown that humans take into account their own motor variance and costs of potential outcomes in movement planning (Trommershäuser et al., 2008). However, the question remains whether this mechanism extends to more complex tasks (Beck et al., 2023). Here, we investigate sensorimotor behaviour under risk in throwing, across three experiments with 20 participants each. Methods Participants’ task was to throw balls on a target circle in a virtual reality (VR) setup, gaining 100 points for each hit. The target was partially overlapped by a penalty circle. We manipulated the consequences of hitting the penalty circle (0 points vs -500 points vs -2000 points) and the distance between both circles (30 cm vs 45 cm vs 60 cm). This task challenged participants to find strategies that optimally trade-off potential penalties and rewards. To capture participants’ strategies, we measured the location of their final gaze fixation before movement – as an indicator of their planned aiming point – and the ball’s impact location. Models of statistical decision theory (Trommershäuser et al., 2008) predict that the optimal aim point horizontally shifts away from the centre of the target circle as soon as the penalty is non-zero. In other words, participants should incorporate a “safety margin”. This horizontal shift should be larger with (1) higher penalties, (2) smaller distances between the target and penalty circle and (3) with higher motor variance. Results In the no-penalty condition, the final fixation and the ball’s impact location were both centred on the target. In the penalty condition, both their final fixations and the ball’s impact location shifted away from the penalty circle, with larger shifts for higher penalties and smaller distances. Intriguingly, the shifts in the ball’s actual impact location were not only significantly larger (“more conservative”) but also closer to the statistically optimal location compared to the initially fixated aim points. Analysis of movement trajectories shows that, in penalty conditions, the shifts away from the penalty zone increased progressively until the final phases of the movement. Conclusion Our findings show that principles of statistical decision theory generalize to more complex tasks. Extending Trommershäuser et al. (2008)., our results suggest that risk evaluation is not completed in a planning phase before movement execution but is optimized during ongoing movements. References Beck, D., Hossner, E.-J., & Zahno, S. (2023). Mechanisms for handling uncertainty in sensorimotor control in sports: A scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2023.2280899 Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L. T., & Landy, M. S. (2008). Decision making, movement planning and statistical decision theory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(8), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.010
Copyright (c) 2025 Stephan Zahno, Damian Beck, Ralf Kredel, André Klostermann, Ernst-Joachim Hossner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Associations between Prospective Memory, Executive Function and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren
Introduction Prospective memory refers to a system that allows us to remember to perform an intended task without an explicit reminder. Executive function such as working memory or inhibition are responsible for goal-directed behavior and cognitive control processes. Those cognitive abilities are critical for successfully coping with everyday challenges from school age to late adulthood (Diamond, 2013). There is evidence for a link between cognitive performance and physical activity (Donnelly et al., 2016). While there are some studies that have found associations between executive functions and physical activity, little research has examined such links with prospective memory, although a possible relationship is suggested in the literature (Loprinzi et al., 2018). Further research provided evidence that prospective memory is related to working memory and attention (Ball et al., 2022). Thus, this study aimed to investigate associations between prospective memory, executive functions, and physical activity in schoolchildren. Methods 99 primary schoolchildren aged 10.1 ± 1.4 years underwent a prospective memory task, which was nested in a 1-Back and a Flanker paradigm. The Flanker task served as distractor task after prospective cues were introduced and participants had to remember that prospective trials embeeded in a subsequent 1-Back task required a different response. In addition, their physical activity levels were recorded over seven consecutive days using accelerometers (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, ActiGraph, Pensacola, USA). For the same time period, participants also completed a 7-day physical activity recall questionnaire Objective and subjective physical activity was categorized into moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA) and moderate-to vigurous physical activity (MVPA). Results Partial correlations that controlled for age and sex showed that higher MVPA (recorded from subjective and objective assessments) was associated with higher accuracy on the prospective memory task. Accuracy on the Flanker task was associated with VPA in both subjective and objective measures. Further, accuracy on the 1-Back task was positively associated with self-reported MPA, but only VPA in the objective assessment. Discussion/Conclusion Independent of the type of physical activity assessment, higher prospective memory and inhibitory control were positively associated with physical activity. However, it is not clear whether children with higher cognitive abilities tend to engage in more physical activity or whether the physical activity leads to better cognitive function. Further research is needed to establish possible causal relationships. References Ball, B. H., Wiemers, E. A., & Brewer, G. A. (2022). Individual differences in memory and attention processes in prospective remembering. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 29(3), 922–933. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-022-02059-3 Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: A systematic review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(6), 1197–1222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000901 Loprinzi, P. D., Edwards, M. K., & Frith, E. (2018). Exercise and prospective memory. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(2), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2018.8.2.51
Copyright (c) 2025 Anouk Irina Glättli, Markus Gerber, Sebastian Ludyga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Professional Action Competence in Education for Sustainability Among Pre-service Physical Education Teachers: A Mixed Method Approach
Education for sustainability (EfS) represents a complex question that appears to require a holistic and emancipatory vision to achieve its long-term objectives. The action competence model for EfS aligns with this vision by considering both self-efficacy, knowledge, and willingness. Physical education (PE) offers a unique opportunity to implement EfS through the action competence model. This approach emphases the bodily dimension, learning through action, and affective and sensory aspects. However, EfS is not currently implemented in PE yet. It is therefore important to investigate the professional action competence of future PE teachers to identify potential barriers to implementing EfS in PE. A mixed-methods approach appears to be the most suitable for accurately assessing Professional Action Competence in Education for Sustainability. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the physical education pre-service teachers’ Professional Action Competence for Sustainability (PACesd); (2) to establish profiles of physical education pre-service teachers based on their PACesd; and (3) to analyze the associations between the self-reported profiles and an external assessment of pre-service teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in EfS. A total of 412 French physical education pre-service teachers (Mean Age = 22.61 years, 141 females, and 271 males) completed French versions of the PACesd questionnaire. Additionally, they were asked to respond to open-ended questions indicating: (1) the words they associate with the concept of sustainability and EfS, and (2) examples of how physical education can educate students about sustainability, to conduct an external assessment of pre-service PE teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in EfS. The responses were coded into categories using deductive approach. Following descriptive and correlation analyses, a latent profile analysis approach was used to establish PACesd profiles. Quantitative analyses were complemented by a chi-squared test of association to examine the distribution of open-ended responses within the profiles. The correlation analyses revealed positive and significant associations between all dimensions of PACesd, suggesting that improving one dimension could positively impact the others. Four profiles of PE pre-service teachers were established based on their PACesd levels (high score, moderate to high score, low to moderate score, low score). This result highlights the heterogeneity in EfS competences. The open-ended questions revealed a greater understanding of the theoretical concept of sustainability and EfS among the profile with the highest PACesd scores. This result aligns with the higher self-reported pedagogical content knowledge scores for this profile. However, the question on practical examples did not confirm these differences and showed very few distinctions between the four profiles in the concrete teaching of EfS in PE. These results suggest that perceived understanding and knowledge of theoretical concepts of EfS do not yet enable pre-service PE teachers to transfer this knowledge into practical activities aligned with holistic and emancipatory visions of EfS in the context of PE. These findings offer concrete perspectives in terms of initial and in-service training for physical education teachers. They highlight the need to provide concrete tools specific to the discipline.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valérian Cece, Thomas Royet, Olivier Vors, Vanessa Lentillon-Kaestner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Education Plan and Activities of Swiss Sport Integrity. A report of a science-practice co-operation.
Introduction The WADA requires the National Antidoping Organisations (NADOs) to annually evaluate its education plan and activities to accomplish the International Standard for Education of the WADA Code (2021), preferably done in cooperation with an independent external partner from the field of science and research. Therefore, Swiss Sport Integrity (SSI) and Institute of Sport Science (ISPW) entered into a cooperation agreement in 2020 for annual evaluating SSI’s education plan and activities from 2021 to 2024. This contribution aims to reporting the process of such a science-practice cooperation and identifying factors that are critical for effective cooperative evaluation. Methods The evaluation concept was developed on sound theoretical considerations following evaluation critieria guidelines (e.g., Sander, 2006). The evaluation focus of SSI’s education plan and activities covers three aspects: basic principles, long-term aims, and key areas for action according to WADA Code. For data gathering, a questionnaire to Swiss elite athletes (Swiss Olympic Card holder) and a questionnaire to their respective coaches as instruments were applied. The questionnaires were conducted during the year as part of the SSI education courses, which are mandatory for all Swiss elite athletes. Additionally, internal data from SSI and Swiss Olympic were gathered. The analysed data were merged and summarised in the annual management report for WADA. The process of cooperation was then reflected among the actors involved in the evaluation with identifying phases approached and assessing critical factors, both restricting and promoting, for effective cooperation. Results As large part of the results – the athletes’ responses – are confidential and limited to internal use of SSI and reporting to WADA, the presentation is limited to displaying the athletes’ and coaches’ questionnaires and pointing to the methodological challenges and limitations faced. The presentation’s focus is on reporting the cooperation process and determing factors. Results reveal that accepting and including external perspectives, understanding of the framework conditions, mutual trust and engagement, dedicated task specification and distrubition, knowledge and data sharing are perceived beneficial for co-operating. Discussion/Conclusion The discussion highlights the identified key points for effective processing in a science-practice co-cooperation and point to how to ensure this (good practice). Then transferability to other science-practice co-operations is briefly discussed. Concluding, the continuation and expansion of the existing cooperation with the entry into force of the new WADA Code 2027 will be briefly outlined. References WADA. (2021). World Anti-Doping Code 2021 (Art. 18 Education). Montreal: WADA. https://www.wada-ama.org Sanders, J. R. (Ed.). (2006). Handbuch der Evaluationsstandards: Die Standards des "Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation". VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christoffer Klenk, Jonas Personeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Key Performance Indicators in Freestyle Swimming: Comparing Start, Turn, and Swimming Velocity in Top-Elite Female Junior and Adult Swimmers
Introduction Due to the increasing importance of start and turn performance in swim races throughout the recent years, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of start performance, turn performance, and swimming velocity on the race result between top-elite female junior and adult swimmers across all distances of freestyle pool races (50 m to 1500 m) and to provide a software tool to predict race outcomes based on the various key performance indicators. Methods In the present study, a total of 289 individual freestyle races from female participants at the European long-course championship, as well as 391 freestyle races at the Junior European long-course championship were analysed. All heats, semi-finals, and finals across all freestyle distances (50 m to 1500 m) were included. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between overall race time and three independent variables: start performance, turn performance, and swimming velocity. Regression equations were used to develop the predictor software tool. Results Start times showed the greatest effect on sprint distances, i.e. 50 m and 100 m. However, the effect diminished towards longer race distances. While swimming velocity had the largest effect on the race results across all distances for both junior and adult swimmers, the effect of turn times increased from 100 m to 400 m for both, junior and adult swimmers. Interestingly, the effect of turn times decreased again for 800 m and 1500 m races. Generally, there was a trend towards a greater effect of turn times in adult swimmers. The regression model explained 98-99% of the variance in race performance (R-squared = 0.98-0.99). Based on the regression equations a software tool (potential predictor) was created to allow coaches and federation officials to identify individual swimmers’ potentials and create benchmarks for future development. Discussion/Conclusion For both junior and adult swimmers, swimming velocity had the greatest effect on race results. While the effect of start performance decreased from short to long race distances, turn performances showed a U-shaped, hence largest effect on middle-distance races, i.e. 200 m and 400 m. The prediction tool that was developed from the regression model allows the prediction of individual performance progressions and rankings at international swimming competitions by combining isolated performance analysis with race analysis data. References Born, D.-P., Romann, M., & Stöggl, T. (2022). Start fast, swim faster, turn fastest: Section analyses and normative data for individual medley. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 21(2), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2022.233 Born, D.-P., Schönfelder, M., Logan, O., Olstad, B. H., & Romann, M. (2022). Performance development of European swimmers across the Olympic cycle. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, Article 894066. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.894066 Polach, M., Thiel, D., Kreník, J., & Born, D.-P. (2021). Swimming turn performance: The distinguishing factor in 1500 m world championship freestyle races? BMC Research Notes, 14(1), Article 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-021-05665-x
Copyright (c) 2025 Chantal Widmer, Julia Hernandez, Michael Romann, Wolfgang Taube, Dennis-Peter Born https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Automated Video Assistant Referee in Lead Climbing
Introduction In lead climbing, points are awarded for each hold held, which are then primarily decisive for the ranking. These points are awarded immediately after an attempt by a judge who observed the athlete. Competition organisers are required to make video recordings, but these are only viewed by the head referee in case of an appeal. Our work aims to enhance the objectivity of judging. Our approach is based on applying pose estimators to video footage that is recorded anyway, and a subsequent analysis that determines metrics for judging. We want to tune our approach based on the scores given by judges while considering regulations of the International Federation of Sport Climbing. Methods Our video footage was filmed by the Swiss Alpine Club for judging at the European Climbing Championships 2024 in Villar and at the Swiss Championships 2024 in Lenzburg. Initially, twenty videos (30 seconds each including the fall from the wall towards the end) were extracted. Half of the videos were cropped to focus on the athlete. Thus, a total of ten videos from Villar (outdoor) were analysed – five uncropped (five men), five with focus (women) – and ten videos from Lenzburg (indoor) – five uncropped (five women), five with focus (five men). As a first step, two pose estimators were evaluated regarding processing speed in frames per second (FPS) and percentage of frames in which a pose was detected: BlazePose from Google which has already been used for climbing research (Kim et al., 2023) and Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation (RTMO) (Lu et al., 2024). Results BlazePose demonstrated a higher average processing speed compared to RTMO: 22 FPS vs. 2 FPS. In uncropped videos, BlazePose detected a pose in 5% of outdoor video footage and 33% of indoor video footage. In close-up videos, BlazePose detected poses in 99% of outdoor video footage and 93% of indoor video footage. RTMO achieved a 100% pose detection rate across all videos whereby a subsequent inspection showed that many false poses were considered as “detected”. Discussion/Conclusion An automated video assistant referee should decide quickly. RTMO seems too slow with the given hardware (AMD Ryzen 7, 3.2GHz, 16GB RAM), since pose estimation of a 5s video sequence (150 frames) would take more than a minute. The video would also have to be cropped before each pose estimation, otherwise few (BlazePose) or incorrect (RTMO) poses would be detected caused by picture content being more contrasting and larger than the athlete. Next, we will compare our scoring algorithm representing given regulations with scores awarded. The results will then be discussed at the next educational event for judges at national and international level. References Kim, J.-W., Choi, J.-Y., Ha, E.-J., & Choi, J.-H. (2023). Human pose estimation using MediaPipe pose and optimization method based on a humanoid model. Applied Sciences, 13(4), 2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042700 Lu, P., Jiang, T., Li, Y., Li, X., Chen, K., & Yang, W. (2024). RTMO: Towards high-performance one-stage real-time multi-person pose estimation. 2024 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 1491–1500. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR52733.2024.00148
Copyright (c) 2025 Eliane Künzler, David Roder, Urs Stöcker, Peter Wolf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Determinants of Long-Term Physical Activity Maintainenance from a Maintainers Perspective: What do they say?
Purpose The psychological and physiological benefits of physical activity (PA) are maximized through maintaining regular physical activity long-term. However, the determinants leading to physical activity maintenance (PAM) are not well-understood. Most studies to-date have not specifically asked individuals who are successful PA maintainers. Therefore, this qualitative study asked individuals who have maintained the WHO PA guidelines for at least five years what they believe are important determinants for long term PAM. Findings from this investigation have potentially direct implications for PAM theory and intervention. Methods A constructivist grounded theory approach was employed to explore the phenomenon through obtaining the information from the PA maintainers themselves (n=10; mean age=39 (SD=16) years old; 60% female; mean moderate-to vigorous PA=567 (SD=670) min/week; mean strength training 2.6 times per week at 57 min per time; PAM mean=16.5 (SD=10.6, range=5-35) years; 50% rural, 20% agglomeration, 30% urban). Data was collected through in-depth interviews. Participants’ PA profile ranged from individual sports such as gym workout, brisk walking, cycling, or CrossFit, to team sports like volleyball, gymnastics, and other voluntary sports clubs’ activities. The interviews were transcribed, anonymized, coded into meaning segments, sorted into themes, and finally grouped into categories. The themes and categories were solely based on the content. Results Of the 1127 coded segments, 21 themes had emerged relevant to the research question. These 21 themes were organized into six broad categories for PAM: the fundamental factor of priority; three core factors for PAM that determine priority – well-being, adaptability, and enjoyment; and two supporting factors of organization and community that are a result of and support continued PAM. Discussion This study importantly expands the existing literature about PAM, revealing that adaptability, enjoyment, and well-being are the bases of priority, and that priority is the primary determinant for lifelong PAM. The findings also suggest that a dynamic approach is crucial for PAM. Therefore, promoting various forms of PA across various situations, choosing PA that is enjoyable, and supports well-being, is hypothesized to lead to developing PA into a priority in a person’s value system and therefore making daily activity choices. Further research should confirm this theoretical model and subsequently develop interventions to promote long-term PAM across population groups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Livia Kellerhals, Claudio R. Nigg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Narratives of swiss football players about talent - and positive youth development: The role of social agents and agency.
Introduction Recent calls emphasize integrating the literature on positive youth development (PYD) and talent development (e.g. Holt & McDonough, 2024). Both highlight the critical role of proximal social agents within the family (parents, siblings) and the sport subsystem (coaches, peers; Dorsch et al., 2022) while advocating for relational-developmental systems (RDS; Overton, 2015) as a guiding theoretical framework. Central to this framework is the shift from static, one-size-fits-all approaches to a dynamic, idiographic perspective where intertwined relationships between athletes and their social environments influence each other over time. Despite this shift, analyses applying such frameworks in football remain scarce (Verbeek et al., 2023). Through the RDS lens, this study aims to explore the developmental pathways of football athletes by reconstructing how they were shaped by—and actively shaped—their environments from childhood to early adulthood. Specifically, it examines how dynamic interactions with social agents facilitated or hindered their football career and PYD. Methods This study builds on a longitudinal quantitative investigation that tracked 109 Swiss elite youth football players born in 1999 throughout their developmental journeys. To gain deeper understanding of individual developmental pathways, a qualitative narrative approach was adopted. While data collection is ongoing, semi-structured interviews, guided by a timelining approach, will be conducted with 20 players: 10 who transitioned to professional careers and 10 who opted out or dropped out. Interviews focus on athletes’ perceptions of their proximal social agents reflecting on significant experiences, key relationships, and perceived developmental outcomes. To facilitate further discussion, players will review and reflect on selected data from their earlier developmental assessments. Interviews will be analyzed using a narrative life story approach. Results Preliminary findings will be presented, showcasing the diverse and individualized developmental pathways of swiss football players. These findings provide insights into how athletes perceive and navigate relationships with proximal social agents, such as parents, coaches, peers, and siblings, and how they actively shape their own careers. Emerging themes highlight the dynamic interplay between social support and personal agency in talent development. These insights aim to inform practical strategies for coaches, parents, and policymakers seeking to optimize talent development pathways in youth soccer. References Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Blazo, J. A., Coakley, J., Côté, J., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Warner, S., & King, M. Q. (2022). Toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 93(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1810847 Holt, N. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2024). Positive youth development through sport (3rd ed.). International Studies in Physical Education and Youth Sport. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003395867 Overton, W. F. (2015). Processes, relations, and relational-developmental-systems. In W. F. Overton, P. C. M. Molenaar, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Theory and method (pp. 9–62). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy102 Verbeek, J., van der Steen, S., van Yperen, N. W., & Den Hartigh, R. J. R. (2023). What do we currently know about the development of talent? A systematic review in the soccer context. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2023.2283874
Copyright (c) 2025 Philipp Koch, Bryan Charbonnet, Noora Ronkainen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Engagement and Follower Growth: Social Media Strategies of Swiss Athletes at the Paris Olympics
Introduction Social media platforms enable athletes to market themselves and engage with the public, bypassing traditional media gatekeepers. Understanding the factors driving engagement and follower growth on social media during high-visibility events is critical for athletes to leverage their athletic performance for brand growth and endorsement opportunities (Bredikhina et al., 2023; Su et al., 2020). This study investigates how athletic performance and social media behavior influence engagement and follower growth on Instagram among Swiss athletes during the Summer Olympic Games in Paris 2024. Methods The Instagram activity of the 128-member Swiss Olympic delegation to Paris 2024 was analyzed, focusing on posts made during the 2024 Olympics. Instagram was selected due to its large user base in Switzerland (Kemp, 2024) and as all but one of the delegation members held an Instagram account. Follower growth was calculated and the top-performing athletes, including medalists and the top ten in follower growth metrics, were selected for a detailed analysis. In total, 183 posts of 21 athletes were coded for post type, likes, comments, engagement rate, visual elements, caption themes and collaborations. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between engagement metrics, follower growth, post type and frequency, as well as Olympic results. Results Athletic performance positively correlated with engagement rate (r = .288, p < .01). Comments showed a moderate positive correlation with follower growth (r = .508, p < .05) and post frequency (r = .603, p < .05). However, post frequency negatively correlated with the percentage of follower growth (r = −.442, p < .05). Notably, post type and athletic performance were negatively correlated (r = −.214, p < .05). No significant correlations were found between athletic results and overall follower growth. However, it must be noted that these analyses are based on a subset of the delegation and may not reflect the entire delegation, but rather only the top performers. Discussion/Conclusion These results suggest that athletes should prioritize engagement-driving posts over frequency and that photos can be just as valuable as reels if they capture the right moments highlighting celebratory moments and personal growth. Additionally, athletic performance does not guarantee follower growth, increasing post-performance engagement is crucial. This research extends understanding of the factors contributing to follower growth. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of leveraging such events on the athletes’ brands and the potential economic growth this leverage brings. References Bredikhina, N., Gupta, K., & Kunkel, T. (2023). Superboosting the athlete social media brand: Events as an opportunity for follower growth. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(6), 1819–1842. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2074497 Kemp, S. (2024). Digital 2024: Switzerland. Kepios. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-switzerland Su, Y., Baker, B. J., Doyle, J. P., & Kunkel, T. (2020). The rise of an athlete brand: Factors influencing the social media following of athletes. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.291.302020.03
Copyright (c) 2025 Larssyn Staley, Florian Droux https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Performance and Injury Prevention in Youth Team Sports: Development of an Evidence-Based Educational Program
Introduction Team sports have become increasingly fast-paced and athletic, particularly at the elite international level. Over the past 15 years, a widening performance gap in explosiveness and speed has been observed between Swiss youth and elite athletes in team sports. Promising talents with deficits in these areas face growing difficulties in establishing themselves at the elite level. Concurrently, there has been a rapid increase in scientific publications demonstrating the positive effects of neuromuscular training on explosiveness, speed, and in addition on injury prevention. Objective: To develop an evidence-based educational program for coaches to optimize neuromuscular training in youth team sports, addressing the challenges of complex knowledge transfer, diverse stakeholders, and heterogeneous training approaches. Methods The "Power to Win" project was initiated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen in collaboration with Swiss national sports federations and Swiss Olympic. A multi-step approach was employed: Formation of a project group comprising scientists, practitioners, and stakeholders Development of an impact model focusing on optimizing athlete training through improved coach knowledge, awareness, and motivation. Analysis of training content, coach knowledge, and educational courses. Creation of a roadmap based on scientific evidence and expert knowledge. Definition of key concepts and models (e.g., performance model, long-term athlete development model). Structuring of knowledge according to educational levels (Jugend+Sport, national federations, coach education) and along the talent pathway (FTEM model, F1 to T4). Stage-specific adaptation of knowledge transfer considering available time for education and existing knowledge. Results The project resulted in the development of five digital learning courses for self-study and for integration into existing training programs. These courses are freely accessible online and designed to facilitate blended learning approaches, allowing for increased practical training time during in-person courses. The online content covers Bloom's taxonomy levels 1-3, while levels 4-6 are addressed in face-to-face training sessions. Discussion/Conclusion Translating scientific evidence into practical applications presents significant challenges due to various external influences. This project demonstrates a systematic approach to developing an evidence-based educational program for neuromuscular training in youth team sports. By addressing the complexities of knowledge transfer and considering the needs of diverse stakeholders, this program aims to bridge the gap between research and practice in enhancing performance and preventing injuries among young athletes in team sports. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of this educational program in improving coach knowledge and behavior, as well as its impact on athlete performance and injury rates in youth team sports. References Coutts, A. J. (2017). Challenges in developing evidence-based practice in high-performance sport. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(6), 717–718. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0455 Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Faigenbaum, A. D., Howard, R., De Ste Croix, M. B., Williams, C. A., Best, T. M., Alvar, B. A., Micheli, L. J., Thomas, D. P., Hatfield, D. L., Cronin, J. B., & Myer, G. D. (2015). Long-term athletic development, part 2: Barriers to success and potential solutions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(5), 1451–1464. https://doi.org/10.1519/01.JSC.0000465424.75389.56
Copyright (c) 2025 Markus Tschopp, Nicklaus Hess, Pascal Andrey, Adrian Rothenbühler, Fabian Studer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Compensation-Sensitive Shot-Style-Feedback of Aiming Point Training Data at the Swiss Shooting Federation
Introduction The practical application of scientific knowledge is essential for improving performance in Olympic air rifle shooting. At the Swiss Shooting Federation, for example, we have implemented an innovative training concept based on our research into compensation-sensitive shot styles and the importance of individual movement phases (Tartaruga & Kredel, 2021, 2022, 2024). Methods We have been collecting SCATT training sessions from athletes via email and utilizing a MATLAB script that waits for and automatically analyses incoming data. The analysis is performed according to the methods proposed in our study, including the use of a validated movement phase segmentation algorithm of aiming point trajectory data and the identification of compensation-sensitive shot styles based on this data. We consider athlete-specific preferences and compare current data with results from the last ten years to provide a social and normative reference orientation. Results Through individualised analysis of shooting data, coaches can develop tailored training plans that address the specific needs of each athlete and receive immediate feedback on the technical impact of recent training sessions on different technical characteristics. Comparison of historical data also provides valuable insight into performance development across disciplines, gender, and age for specific technical characteristics. These insights are used to optimize coaches’ education programs by providing a generalised understanding of the technical development of young athletes in shooting. Furthermore, some technical characteristics even have predictive validity for real shooting performance and therefore appear to be suitable for talent identification. Discussion/Conclusion The integration of compensation-sensitive shot-styles and the consideration of individual preferences have led to a higher acceptance of the tailored feedback reports than the previous more generalised reports. In the future, we plan to extend these approaches by applying them to other disciplines within the shooting sports. In addition, we would like to scientifically validate specific training interventions to promote successful shot styles, with the aim to provide evidence-based training recommendations in the future. In our view, this project serves as a good example of how challenging real-world problems brought up by coaches and embedded scientists can be jointly structured and solved at federation and university level, and how their solution can ultimately lead to practical tools reshaping and improving a federation’s process landscape. References Tartaruga, D., & Kredel, R. (2021). Prognose der Wettkampfleistung anhand von Techniktests im olympischen Luftgewehrschiessen [Prediction of competition performance based on technical tests in Olympic air rifle shooting]. Magglinger Trainertagung, 10. https://www.swissolympic.ch/dam/jcr:26fcf124-ce21-4b1f-9abb-bb5caf3f7011/Book_of_Posters_2021_A4h_def.pdf Tartaruga, D., & Kredel, R. (2022, March 29). Shooting styles in Olympic air-rifle shooting. 25. Sportwissenschaftlicher Hochschultag der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft: Sport, Meer & Mehr – Sportwissenschaft in gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung, Online (Kiel). https://doi.org/10.48350/169324 Tartaruga, D., & Kredel, R. (2024). Effects of inter- and intraindividual compensation-sensitive shot styles on performance in Olympic air rifle shooting. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 9(1), Article 006. https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.9ciss006
Copyright (c) 2025 Dino Tartaruga, Ralf Kredel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging Research and Practice: Swiss Olympic’s Approach to Sports Science and Innovation
Swiss Olympic is the umbrella organisation for Swiss sport and supports the national sports federations at various levels, increasingly also in the area of (sports) science. Research, development and innovation are key factors in remaining competitive in the international sports competition. Since 2018, the funds available for applied sports science have been significantly increased. With a budget of CHF 1.5 million per year, Swiss Olympic's ‘Sports Science’ funding programme is an essential source of funding for Swiss elite sport. The aim of the ‘Sports Science’ funding programme is to promote practice-oriented (sports) science in the federations. This is to be achieved on the one hand by subsidising scientific staff and on the other by promoting scientific measures and projects. In addition, the Sports Innovation Hub was launched in 2024 to increase competitiveness through innovative ideas and collaborative approaches. A maximum funding application of CHF 200,000 can be triggered per project. The fundings are awarded exclusively to national member federations of Swiss Olympic through applications. The ‘embedded scientist’, a (sports) scientist embedded in the federation structure, is proving to be a promising model for conducting the most targeted and practice-oriented research possible due to its proximity to athletes, coaches and officials. Nevertheless, linking universities, research and business remains a challenge, one of the three key points of Stöckli's (Chef de Mission Swiss Olympic) final statements after the 2024 Summer Olympics. References Swiss Olympic. (2021). Ausführungsbestimmungen Sportwissenschaft [Implementation regulations for sport science]. https://www.swissolympic.ch/dam/jcr:267287de-d451-4b10-bfc8-c0b478201283/Ausf%C3%BChrungsbestimmungen_Sportwissenschaft_2021_DE.pdf Swiss Olympic. (2023). Ausführungsbestimmungen Sports Innovation Hub [Implementation regulations Sports Innovation Hub]. https://www.swissolympic.ch/dam/jcr:e2a34443-f52f-4bbc-a882-656bd074992a/231219_SIH_Ausf%C3%BChrungsbestimmungen_DE_Final.pdf
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah Geboltsberger https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Initiatives to Enhance Research-Practice Integration in the Swiss Sport System
The integration of research and practice remains a challenge in elite sport. While scientific insights are increasingly valued, their implementation lags behind. Bridging this gap requires targeted funding programs, well-defined roles, and innovative projects that connect research and practice. This symposium highlights three distinct approaches aimed at fostering this integration. The first presentation by Swiss Olympic provides an overview of funding structures designed to strengthen the connection between science and practice. It outlines the objectives and criteria of these initiatives and discusses the challenges encountered in their implementation. The second presentation focuses on the concept of "embedded scientists," professionals embedded within sport organizations who address scientific questions closely aligned with the organizations' needs. This offers insights into practical challenges and success factors for achieving effective research-practice integration. The third presentation introduces the "power to win" project, a collaborative initiative between Swiss Olympic and multiple federations. The project leader reflects on the outcomes and evaluates the project in terms of its contribution to bridging the gap between research and practice. This symposium provides insights into strategies and models that enhance collaboration between research and practice in sport. It invites discussion on how such initiatives can be further developed and implemented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Philipp Röthlin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
United by Sports? Key Factors affecting Sports Participation in a Sports-based Initiative to Promote Social Integration in Segregated Communities
Introduction Sweden's society has become ethnically diverse, yet social exclusion and segregation remain prevalent problems, particularly in employment, housing, and education (Dahlstedt & Ekholm, 2018). Acknowledging this challenge, the Swedish government, the Swedish Sports Confederation, and sports organizations have invested in sports to promote integration. Sports for integration initiatives are perceived as a tool for enhancing social integration, physical activity, and social capital in segregated cities (Agergaard, 2018). Regular participation is essential for achieving these goals, making it crucial to understand why individuals participate or not in such initiatives and develop social capital (Flensner et al., 2021). While previous research investigated structural and sociocultural engagement boundaries, few studies examine specific program factors that influence participants' willingness to engage, particularly from their own perspectives. This study addresses this gap by investigating the key facilitators and barriers within a sports-based program leading to social integration and the development of social capital among participants from various backgrounds in a highly segregated Swedish city. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine program participants, two youth leaders, and the program manager to gain insights into intra- and interpersonal experiences and perceptions regarding social connections and the development of social capital within the program. Using qualitative content analysis, findings were discussed though the lens of the social integration encompassing four interconnected dimensions (interaction, identification, culturalization, placement) and social capital theory. This framework allows to investigate factors influencing participants' engagement in sports-based integration initiatives, resulting in the identification of key contributing elements (Esser, 2009). Results/Discussion The study concludes that key factors, such as interactions with people from diverse backgrounds in safe environments, a physical activity and education component, exceptional events, and networking opportunities, significantly enrich participants' experiences and encourage continued participation in sports for integration initiatives. This not only contributes to social capital development and social integration into society but also provides valuable insights into factors that need to be included in initiatives to enhance participation and lead to effective initiatives. However, challenges like recruiting and retaining participants and inconsistent attendance are crucial factors hindering the effectiveness of these initiatives in promoting social integration. This study offers valuable insights on benefits and challenges of sport-based programs in fostering social integration within segregated societies, aiding in the formulation of more effective initiatives and policies. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and strategies to improve participant retention. References Agergaard, S. (2018). Rethinking sports and integration: Developing a transnational perspective on migrants and descendants in sports (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315266084 Dahlstedt, M., & Ekholm, D. (2018). Social exclusion and multiethnic suburbs in Sweden. In The Routledge Companion to the Suburbs (pp. 163–172). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315266442-14 Esser, H. (2009). Pluralisierung oder Assimilation? / Pluralization or Assimilation?: Effekte der multiplen Inklusion auf die Integration von Migranten / Effects of multiple inclusion on the integration of immigrants. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 38(5), 358–378. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2009-0502 Flensner, K. K., Korp, P., & Lindgren, E. C. (2020). Integration into and through sports? Sport activities for migrant children and youths. European Journal for Sport and Society, 18(1), 64–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2020.1823689
Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Boemmel, Matthias Buser, Thomas Persson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0